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One of the best Russian
critics who changed Russian literature. |
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Vissarion Belinsky `I am a writer; I say this with painful and at
the same time with joyful and bitter conviction. Russian literature is my
life and my blood. I became attached to literature, gave my all to it, that
is, made it the main interest of my life. ` As a literary critic, Vissarion Belinsky
developed the theory of realism, introduced new concepts for evaluating a
literary work: "fidelity to the character of the hero",
"modernity". In his articles, he promoted the principles of nationality,
demanded the depiction of real life, and protested against falsehood. He was able to spread his great theory to the greatest writers who showed the
real richness of the Russian language and Russian literature. |
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Nikolay Chernyshevsky Russian literary critic, revolutionary
democrat, materialist philosopher, publicist, and writer. His writings influenced the work and views of many writers and
aesthetes. Soviet literary science and criticism
owe much to Chernyshevsky. Continuing the traditions of criticism of
Belinsky, he sought to reveal the essence of social phenomena, to convey to
the reader his revolutionary views. He wrote many articles and reviews aimed
at explaining certain new literary trends, and was one of the first critics
to reveal the so-called "dialectics of the soul" in Tolstoy's work.
The solution of fundamental philosophical and aesthetic problems, the
interpretation of the social function of art and literature, the improvement
of literary critical methods and principles for analyzing a work of art, and
much more, which makes up a complex system of literary and aesthetic research
- all this is to one degree or another carried out taking into account the
universal experience Chernyshevsky - politics, philosopher, aesthetics and
criticism. His literary and aesthetic ideas, his criticism is destined for a
long historical life. Chernyshevsky opposes the thesis that beauty is created by art. In his opinion, the beautiful is a property of life, "beautiful is life." Therefore, the only way to achieve beauty is to imitate life in its most interesting manifestations. Moreover, Chernyshevsky argued that the creations of nature are more beautiful than any artistic creation. He stated the following: `works of art definitely cannot withstand comparison with living reality. It is much better to look at the sea itself than at its image, but, for lack of the best, a person is content with the worst`. Chernyshevsky
can be called one of the first ideologists of feminism. He insisted not only
on women's equality, but also on giving women special advantages, because, in
his words, "a stick that has been bent in one direction, in order to
straighten it, must be bent in the other direction.". Chernyshevsky's biography is replete with difficult
moments of life. In 1864, for his social revolutionary activities and
involvement in the People's Will, Nikolai Gavrilovich was sent to a 14-year
exile to work in hard labor. After a while, the sentence was halved thanks to
the decree of the emperor. After hard labor Chernyshevsky was ordered to stay
in Siberia for life. After serving hard labor, in 1871 he was prescribed the
city of Vilyuysk as his place of residence. In 1874, he was offered freedom
and the abolition of the sentence, but Chernyshevsky did not send his
petition for clemency to the emperor. His youngest son did a lot to return
his father to his native Saratov, and only 15 years later Chernyshevsky moves
to live in his small homeland. Most famous works of Chernyshevsky are `What Is to
Be Done? `, `Prologue`, ` Aesthetic
relationship of art to reality`, and `Capital and labor`. |
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Nikolay
Dobrolyubov `He has done enough for his glory. For himself, he
had no reason to live longer. For people of such a temper and such
aspirations, life gives nothing but burning sorrow, but his loss is
irreparable for the people, for whom he burned with love and burned out so
early`. (N. G. Chernyshevsky) literary critic of the turn of the 1850s and 1860s,
poet, publicist. The
name of Dobrolyubov, one of the outstanding representatives of Russian social
and literary thought, lives in the memory of advanced mankind as the name of
a brilliant critic, brilliant publicist, historian, fiery agitator and
satirist poet. In the turbulent era of the sixties, when the foundations of
the feudal empire were shaking under the onslaught of revolutionary forces,
Dobrolyubov, together with Chernyshevsky, led the rise of democratic forces
in the country and became the recognized inspirer of the progressive movement
of that time. He stood at the very center of the literary struggle, in the
very thick of modern life. Dobrolyubov's
philosophical views also appeared in a number of articles. At the center of
his system is man, who is the last stage in the evolution of the material
world and is harmoniously connected with nature. He considered the equality
of people the `natural state` of human nature (the influence of Rousseauism),
and oppression the consequence of an abnormal structure that must be
destroyed. He asserted the absence of a priori truths and the material origin
of all ideas that are born in the human mind, from external experience
(materialism, empiricism), advocated the comprehension of the material
principles of the world and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Like
Chernyshevsky, he advocated reasonable egoism. Most famous
works of Dobrolyubov are `Beam of light in the dark realm`, `What is
oblomovism? `, `When will the real day come? `. |
